Principle of lightning protection
Published by Electrical Installation Wiki, Chapter J. Overvoltage protection – Principle of lightning protection General rules of lightning protection Procedure to prevent risks of lightning strike The system for protecting a building against the effects of lightning must include: • protection of structures against direct lightning strokes;• protection of electrical installations against direct and indirect lightning strokes. The basic principle for protection of an installation against the risk of lightning strikes is to prevent the disturbing energy from reaching sensitive equipment. To achieve this, it is necessary to: • capture the lightning current and channel it to earth via the most…
Keep readingHow to Select the Right Current Transformer for Your Application
Published by Accuenergy, November 4, 2021. Help me choose the Right CT If you have a power measurement project coming up, chances are you have narrowed down your search for a power meter to a few choices. Whether it’s a multi-circuit application or a high-precision metering in an industrial setting, the next step in project preparation is selecting the right current transformer to maximize the performance of your power meter. When going through the selection process, it can be helpful to answer a few, basic application questions to reach a decision and consider several parameters including current transformer output, conductor size,…
Keep readingElectrical Shock and its Effects
Published by Alex Roderick, EE Power – Technical Articles: Electrical Shock and its Effects, August 17, 2021. Anyone working on electrical equipment should have respect for all voltages, have knowledge of the principles of electricity, and follow safe work procedures. An electrical shock occurs when a body becomes a part of an electrical circuit. The effects of an electrical shock vary from a moderate sensation to paralysis to death. Also, severe burns may occur internally and where the current enters and exits the body. The quantity of electric current flowing through the body in milliamps (mA), the amount of time the…
Keep readingMethod of Selecting the Most Important Power Lines in a Transmission and Distribution Network
Published by Dalibor VALEK, Radomir SCUREK, Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Safety Engineering Abstract: This article describes the method used to graph theory in security analysis. For the pursposes of this study, an environment is referred to here as a network of power lines and devices and a power grid is considered as a system of vertices which combine to make a network. Exploration of Fiedler´s theory will be applied herein to select the most important power lines for the entire network. Components related to these lines are logicly ordered and considered by the author´s modified analysis. This method…
Keep readingOvervoltage of Atmospheric Origin
Published by Electrical Installation Wiki, Chapter J. Overvoltage protection – Overvoltage of atmospheric origin Overvoltage definitions Overvoltage (in a system) any voltage between one phase conductor and earth or between phase conductors having a peak value exceeding the corresponding peak of the highest voltage for equipment. Definition from the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV 604-03-09); available on [1] Various types of overvoltage An overvoltage is a voltage pulse or wave which is superimposed on the rated voltage of the network (see Fig. J1). This type of overvoltage is characterized by (see Fig. J2): • the rise time tf (in μs);• the gradient S (in kV/μs). An overvoltage disturbs…
Keep readingThe Basics of Grounding Electrical Systems
Published by Lorenzo Mari, EE Power – Technical Articles: The Basics of Grounding Electrical Systems, April 10, 2020. This article breaks down the complexities found in the fundamental field of grounding for the correct, faultless operation of electrical systems. Grounding, or earthing, is a fundamental topic for the correct operation of electrical systems and devices. However, few people understand this matter or the reason it is used. Grounding is a huge topic full of standards, practical rules, misconceptions, surprises, and some magic. The rules for grounding are quite difficult, and at times appear unclear. This introductory article discusses the basic principles of grounding,…
Keep readingStator Earth Fault in 200MW Generator – A Case Study
Published by Mr. V.Veerapandi, Sr.Manager(ser)/SAS, Email:vpandi@bhelpswr.co.in Introduction One of 200 MW old machine was experienced stator earth fault and the unit was tripped when the load was around 154 MW. The stator earth fault was attended on emergency basis and the unit was brought back with minimum possible time. This article covers observations, analysis of the problem and also suggests remedial measures to avoid recurrence of such a problem. Problem Faced The 200MW TG set was brought back to grid after major overhauling of LP Turbine for a month and no work was carried out in Generator during this overhaul.…
Keep readingTransmission System Harmonics Study
Published by Electrotek Concepts, Inc., PQSoft Case Study: Transmission System Harmonics Study, Document ID: PQS0501, Date: March 31, 2005. Abstract: A utility presently operates two 16.8 MVAr capacitor banks in a 161/69kV substation. Supplied by this substation are residential, commercial, and industrial loads, including a steel manufacturing facility. For increased voltage support, the utility is investigating the installation of three additional 16.8 MVAr, 69kV capacitors to be installed within the substation. Concerns have been raised with regards to the change in resonance as a result of these additional capacitors. The proposed capacitors could result in resonance conditions that could be excited…
Keep readingCase Study on Fault Analysis Using PMU
Published by Prithwish Mukhopadhyay, General Manager, prithwish.mukhopadhyay@posoco.in,Rajkumar Anumasula, Senior Engineer, rajkumar@posoco.in, Abhimanyu Gartia, Deputy General Manager, agartia@posoco.in, Chandan Kumar, Engineer, chandan.wrldc@posoco.in, Pushpa Seshadri, Chief Manager, pushpa_seshadri@posoco.in, Sunil Patil, Engineer, skpatil@posoco.in , WRLDC, Mumbai, India Abstract — Synchrophasors are used extensively in Indian Grid to detect and analyze faults occurring in the system. This paper majorly discusses the case studies of power system faults that occurred in the Indian grid and its identification and classification using data obtained from Synchrophasors. The types of faults identified include symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults in power system. Further in case of single phase to ground…
Keep readingAC Equipment Grounding: Creating a Safe Fault Current Path to Ground
Published by Lorenzo Mari, EE Power – Technical Articles: AC Equipment Grounding: Creating a Safe Fault Current Path to Ground, August 07, 2020. Learn about the merits of the equipment grounding to protect people in faulted AC power systems. Electrical equipment casings should be at earth potential under normal conditions. When a fault occurs in an ungrounded casing, it will remain energized, creating a threat to people’s safety. If you are grounded and touch that housing, a dangerous current will flow through your body. The magnitude of this current may not be enough to activate the circuit protection, but it could…
Keep readingAnalysis of Long-Time Efficiency of Photovoltaic Installation
Published by Jacek DĄBROWSKI, Ewa KRAC, Krzysztof GÓRECKI Katedra Elektroniki Morskiej, Akademia Morska w Gdyni Abstract. In the paper the results of long-time investigations of the photovoltaic installation situated in Gdynia Maritime University are presented. A short description of the considered installation and the weather station making possible continuous monitoring of weather parameters are included. The selected results of measurements of exploitive parameters of the considered installation obtained in the selected days and the corresponding to them results of measurements of power density of solar radiation are shown. Streszczenie. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki długookresowych badań instalacji fotowoltaicznej zlokalizowanej w Akademii…
Keep readingAn Introduction to Microgrid Energy Management Systems
Published by Anushree Ramanath, EE Power – Technical Articles: An Introduction to Microgrid Energy Management Systems, July 05, 2021. This article highlights the growth of microgrids and the components of these systems. With the growing number of industries and businesses, access to reliable and cost-effective power is critical. This leads to demand for small-scale power supply networks to cater to the communities. The microgrid thus formed serves as a connection between the power generation facility and the utility grid [1]. It enables resilience, reliability, energy efficiency, environmental benefits, and economic gains. This promises uninterrupted power, thus prevents outages, and manages…
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